Fifty-one school classroom teachers in four elementary schools and their 1,058 students participated in this investigation: 25 teachers were assigned to one of two treatment conditions, and the remaining 26 teachers served as controls. Teachers in the two treatment conditions were trained in CIRC during the summer before the study began and attended two problem-solving meetings after the study was underway. Thirteen CIRC teachers were each provided approximately 10 hours of classroom-based assistance that included feedback and suggestions for improving their implementation of CIRC. The 26 control teachers continued to teach in accordance with their own style, using district-adopted reading and language arts programs.