2.1. Mathematics achievement
One of the challenges faced by mathematics educators around the world is to improve students' performance in mathematics. The reason
behind is students could not achieved better performance in mathematics. Malaysian mathematics educators too could not be escaped from
facing the same challenge. For instance, in Malaysia, mathematics performance is regarded as weak, despite various efforts employed by the
Ministry of Education to improve mathematics education (Noraini, 2006a). TIMSS 2011 (TIMSS 2011 International Results in Mathematics,
2013) showed Malaysia's ranking in mathematics fell from 20th in 2007 to 26th in 2011 with the decrease of the average score from 474 in
2007 to 440 in 2011.