One characteristic of Experiments 1 to 3 is that participants were instructed to study both the exemplars and the colors of the exemplars for a later memory test in the study phase. Thus, it may be that the enhanced binding of red colors observed in Experiments 1 to 3 may reflect an effect that is based on more strategic components of memory binding such as differential rehearsal strategies (e.g., Cuvo, 1975). To rule out any effects of encoding strategies in Experiment 4, we examined whether the binding of colors into memory representations varies even as a function of color type when objects are processed without any intention of memorization (i.e., incidental learning). The design and procedure of Experiment 4 were similar to Experiment 3 with the only difference that participants were not instructed to memorize the visual scenes for a later memory test. Instead, they were presented the visual scenes with the instruction to judge how realistic each pictures was (see Figure Figure3D3D, left panel). A surprise memory test followed in which memory for the presence of objects and the objects’ colors were tested.