A total of 150 lL of 0.5 McFarland standard bacterial suspensions was spread onto the agar plate. Sterilized stainless steel tubes of 8.0 1.0 10 mm (inner diameter, 6 mm) were added to the surfaces of the media and filled with 100 lL of sterilized antimicrobial solution. The blood plates were incubated in an anaerobic chamber under an atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2, and 10% CO2. The inhibitory zone was considered to be the shortest distance (mm) between the outer margin of the cylinder and the initial
point of the microbial growth. Six replicates were made for each microorganism. Each assessment was performed three times to ensure the reproducibility of the results.