Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant ranked eighth in the
Top 20 Hazardous Substances Priority List and human activity has markedly increased the
distribution of Cd in the global environment. Food is the major source
of Cd exposure for the general population, and cigarette smoking
significantly adds to the body burden of Cd Occupational exposures are mainly from Cd fume
inhalation, cadmium–nickel battery industry, electroplating, and
paint pigments