Nakanowatari et al. (2015) have demonstrated
that the warming of the intermediate water in the western OS during
1980–2008 was due to a decrease in cold and dense shelf water flux,
which in turn was caused by a decrease in sea ice and surface water
freshening. Rogachev (2000) have related a cooling and freshening of
the upper layer in the OS in 1990–1996 and a warming and an increase
of salinity in the intermediate layer of the EKC.