In this study, the
perceived barriers to screening in women who
did not have a Pap smear after a telephone invitation
were significantly higher than in women
who had a Pap smear test. Researchers in
Turkey by Guvenc et al. (2011) and Thailand
(Boonpongmanee & Jittanoon, 2007) reported
that women who had not had Pap smears had
significantly higher perceived barriers than
women who had had the test. Similarly, in
another study conducted in Turkey by Esin
et al. (2011), women who found the Pap test
painful and did not know where they could go
to have a Pap smear test were more likely to
avoid the test.