metal are assumed to gradually change from elastic-plastic with
linear hardening at room temperature to perfectly plastic at
elevated temperatures. Although the more general coupled
temperature-stress analysis term is adopted here, the numerical
procedure utilized here is in effect a sequentially coupled one, since
the stress field solutions are dependent on the temperature field
while there is no inverse dependency. Effectiveness of sequentially
coupled thermomechanical simulation of residual stress in arc
welding has been demonstrated in FE-welding simulation literature
[26,27].
3. Model verification
The modeling approach adopted in the present work is validated
by comparing the residual stresses of a 2D and 3D models developed
here for a pipe girth weld investigated by Um and Yoo [28]
with test data for residual stresses obtained by hole drilling technique.
The geometry and dimensions of the pipe girth weld, which
is made of mild steel pipe (KS SPPS 42) with outer diameter of
300 mm, thickness of 7 mm and length of 300 mm, are shown in
Fig. 6a. The pipes are welded using a single pass with flux cored arc.
The simulation of the process is achieved by modeling one pipe