Shading of lower leaves under a canopy is another factor
that in certain species can induce senescence. Plants can
respond to shade by increasing stem elongation to reach
higher intensity radiation (known as the "shade-avoidance
response"). However, growing to reach a sunnier location
is not an option for a fully developed leaf; instead, leaf
senescence may be initiated in the shaded leaves. Light that
has passed through a canopy of leaves has a lower ratio of
red to far-red light as a result of preferential absorbance of
red photons by chlorophyll in upper leaves. It has been
shown that reduced PAR and a decreased red/far-red ratio
are the senescence-triggering signals in shaded leaves
(Rousseaux et al., 1996), suggesting that a phytochrome
signal pathway and photosynthate levels may be involved
in triggering the leaf senescence program. Indeed, transgenic
plants that overexpress phytochrome A exhibit delayed
senescence in shaded leaves; the accumulation of
phytochrome A to a higher level in transgenic plants may
cause the leaf to sense that it is under more intense light or
may interfere with its ability to sense the red/far-red ratio
(Cherry et al., 1991). An extreme example of shading is
darkness. The ability of darkness to induce leaf senescence
has been used to synchronize the senescence program in
many studies. During this artificially induced senescence,
however, there are some differences in gene expression
compared with natural leaf senescence, as discussed below.
Shading of lower leaves under a canopy is another factorthat in certain species can induce senescence. Plants canrespond to shade by increasing stem elongation to reachhigher intensity radiation (known as the "shade-avoidanceresponse"). However, growing to reach a sunnier locationis not an option for a fully developed leaf; instead, leafsenescence may be initiated in the shaded leaves. Light thathas passed through a canopy of leaves has a lower ratio ofred to far-red light as a result of preferential absorbance ofred photons by chlorophyll in upper leaves. It has beenshown that reduced PAR and a decreased red/far-red ratioare the senescence-triggering signals in shaded leaves(Rousseaux et al., 1996), suggesting that a phytochromesignal pathway and photosynthate levels may be involvedin triggering the leaf senescence program. Indeed, transgenicplants that overexpress phytochrome A exhibit delayedsenescence in shaded leaves; the accumulation ofphytochrome A to a higher level in transgenic plants maycause the leaf to sense that it is under more intense light ormay interfere with its ability to sense the red/far-red ratio(Cherry et al., 1991). An extreme example of shading isdarkness. The ability of darkness to induce leaf senescencehas been used to synchronize the senescence program inmany studies. During this artificially induced senescence,however, there are some differences in gene expressionเมื่อเทียบกับธรรมชาติจัส ตามที่กล่าวไว้ด้านล่าง
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