Published by Chapman University’s Argyros School of Business and Economics
Sponsored by the Western Decision Sciences Institute
Editors
Cristina M. Giannantonio, Ph.D.
Amy E. Hurley-Hanson, Ph.D.
WESTERN DECISION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
The Western Decision Sciences Institute is a regional division of the Decision Sciences
Institute. WDSI serves its interdisciplinary academic and business members primarily
through the organization of an annual conference and the publication of the Journal of
Business and Management. The conference and journal allow academicians and business
professionals from all over the world to share information and research with respect to all
aspects of education, business, and organizational decisions.
PRESIDENT
Mahyar Amouzegar
California State University, Long Beach
PRESIDENT-ELECT
Nafisseh Heiat
Montana State University-Billings
PROGRAM CHAIR/VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS/PROCEEDINGS EDITOR
John Davies
Victoria University of Wellington
VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS-ELECT
Sheldon R. Smith
Utah Valley State College
VICE PRESIDENT FOR MEMBER SERVICES
David Yen
Miami University of Ohio
SECRETARY/TREASURER
Richard L. Jenson
Utah State University
DIRECTOR OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Abbas Heiat
Montana State University - Billings
IMMEDIATE PAST-PRESIDENT
G. Keong Leong
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
REGIONAL VICE PRESIDENT
Vijay Kannan
Utah State University
Published by Chapman University’s Argyros School of Business and Economics
Sponsored by the Western Decision Sciences Institute
Editors
Cristina M. Giannantonio, Ph.D.
Amy E. Hurley-Hanson, Ph.D.
WESTERN DECISION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
The Western Decision Sciences Institute is a regional division of the Decision Sciences
Institute. WDSI serves its interdisciplinary academic and business members primarily
through the organization of an annual conference and the publication of the Journal of
Business and Management. The conference and journal allow academicians and business
professionals from all over the world to share information and research with respect to all
aspects of education, business, and organizational decisions.
PRESIDENT
Mahyar Amouzegar
California State University, Long Beach
PRESIDENT-ELECT
Nafisseh Heiat
Montana State University-Billings
PROGRAM CHAIR/VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS/PROCEEDINGS EDITOR
John Davies
Victoria University of Wellington
VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS-ELECT
Sheldon R. Smith
Utah Valley State College
VICE PRESIDENT FOR MEMBER SERVICES
David Yen
Miami University of Ohio
SECRETARY/TREASURER
Richard L. Jenson
Utah State University
DIRECTOR OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Abbas Heiat
Montana State University - Billings
IMMEDIATE PAST-PRESIDENT
G. Keong Leong
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
REGIONAL VICE PRESIDENT
Vijay Kannan
Utah State University
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