Dual-phase (DP) steels are widely used in many applications which are subjected to large plastic deformation. One of the major applications of DP steel is high strength sheet steel for automobile parts. In order to improve both strength and formability, mixed microstructure that consists of hard martensite and soft ferrite matrix is adopted. The ferrite–martensite type DP steel exhibits higher strain hardening rate and longer uniform elongation than conventional steels with single phase microstructure [1] and [2]. Linepipes installed in the seismic or permafrost regions must have sufficient resistance against buckling caused by the large deformation of buried pipeline. High deformability linepipes have been developed by applying the dual-phase microstructure control. Higher strain hardenability and lower yield ratio, the ratio of yield strength to tensile strength, were achieved by ferrite–bainite microstructure [3] and [4]. Many experimental and analytical investigations were carried out to improve strain hardenability of steels. It has been reported that microstructural characteristics such as volume fraction and morphology of second phase and strength difference between soft and hard phases affect the tensile properties of dual-phase steels to a significant degree [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9]. In the case of ferrite–bainite steel, it was reported that ferrite with 30–40% of bainite shows highest strain hardenability [7]. Ferrite–martensite DP steel with linked shape of martensite phase exhibits higher strain hardening rate [8]. Larger hardness difference in the ferrite and martensite phase also gives higher strain hardening rate [9].
An analytical model to estimate the stress–strain behavior of dual-phase material from the stress–strain curves of each constituent phase was developed by Tomota [10] and applied to many materials including dual-phase steels [6], [11], [12] and [13]. This model was based on the Eshelby’s inclusion theory [14] and Mori and Tanaka’s mean field theory [15]. It was pointed out that the internal stress produced by the misfit strain between two phases is the reason for the enhanced strain hardenability of dual-phase materials. The effect of internal stress on the strain hardening of dual-phase steel was investigated by the in-situ neutron diffraction measurement. Substantial strain partitioning between the ferrite and martensite phases was directly measured, which can be a strong evidence of increased internal stress [16]. However, these investigations can only provide the averaged stress/strain value for each constituent phase, while strain localization inside the soft phase around the phase boundary region is expected. In order to simulate microscopic deformation behavior of dual-phase material, the finite element unit cell model that can represent three dimensional distribution of hard phase was developed [17] and [18]. It was shown that significant strain concentration occurs in the soft phase connecting to the hard phase, and the ferrite–bainite steel with optimum volume fraction of bainite exhibited highest strain gradient in the boundary region [7] and [18]. Strain concentration is also enhanced by lager strength difference between soft and hard phases, resulting in higher strain hardenability [19]. The electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) is another method to evaluate microscopic deformation behavior by measuring the misorientations in adjacent measurement points (KAM) [20] and [21]. However, local strain investigated by the EBSD technique is not a direct measurement of material deformation, and it is not clear that the EBSD strain measurement can be applicable to a large and localized plastic deformation.
In order to investigate microscopic deformation behavior inside the each constituent phase, a microscopic strain measurement technique has been developed using the submicron-sized fine grids drown by an electron beam lithograph technique [22]. By using this technique, it was made possible to measure the nanometer-sized local strain in the ferrite–martensite steel, and strain localization in the boundary region was directly observed. However, the relation between microscopic deformation behavior and strain hardening property has not been cleared yet. Therefore, more precise investigation of microscopic deformation behavior of dual-phase steel was conducted using above mentioned technique in this paper. Numerical analysis using the finite element unit cell model was also carried out to evaluate local and averaged stress and strain conditions in order to get further understanding on the strain hardening mechanisms.
Steels (DP) ระยะที่สองจะใช้แพร่หลายในโปรแกรมประยุกต์จำนวนมากที่อยู่ภายใต้การแมพพลาสติกขนาดใหญ่ หนึ่งของโปรแกรมประยุกต์ที่สำคัญของ DP เหล็กเป็นเหล็กแผ่นความแข็งแรงสูงสำหรับชิ้นส่วนยานยนต์ เพื่อปรับปรุงความแข็งแรงและ formability ผสมต่อโครงสร้างจุลภาคที่ martensite ยาก และนำเมตริกซ์อ่อน ferrite ชนิด ferrite – martensite DP เหล็กจัดแสดงต้องใช้สูงเข้มงวดกว่าอัตราและ elongation ยาวสม่ำเสมอกว่า steels ธรรมดาต่อโครงสร้างจุลภาคเดียว [1] และ [2] Linepipes ติดตั้งในที่สั่นสะเทือน หรือ permafrost ภูมิภาคต้องมีความต้านทานเพียงพอกับการ buckling เกิดจากแมพใหญ่ของท่อฝัง Linepipes deformability สูงได้รับการพัฒนา โดยใช้การควบคุมแบบสองเฟสต่อโครงสร้างจุลภาค การชุบแข็งต้องใช้สูงและต่ำกว่าผลตอบแทนอัตราส่วน อัตราส่วนของผลผลิตกำลังแรง บรรลุทางต่อโครงสร้างจุลภาคของ ferrite – ไนท์ [3] [4] สอบสวนทดลอง และการวิเคราะห์มากได้ดำเนินการปรับปรุงการชุบแข็งต้องใช้ของ steels มีรายงานว่า ลักษณะ microstructural เช่นเศษส่วนปริมาตรและรูปร่างที่สองระยะและความแข็งแรงความแตกต่างระหว่างระยะที่อ่อน และแข็งมีผลต่อแรงดึงคุณสมบัติของเฟสสอง steels สำคัญระดับ [5], [6], [7], [8] และ [9] ในกรณีที่เหล็ก ferrite – ไนท์ มันเป็นรายงาน ferrite ที่ มี 30-40% ของไนท์แสดงชุบแข็งต้องใช้สูงสุด [7] การจัดแสดงเหล็ก DP ferrite – martensite martensite เฟสในรูปที่เชื่อมโยงต้องใช้สูงเข้มงวดกว่าอัตรา [8] ความแตกต่างความแข็งขนาดใหญ่ในเฟส ferrite และ martensite ยังให้สูงต้องใช้เข้มงวดกว่าอัตรา [9]An analytical model to estimate the stress–strain behavior of dual-phase material from the stress–strain curves of each constituent phase was developed by Tomota [10] and applied to many materials including dual-phase steels [6], [11], [12] and [13]. This model was based on the Eshelby’s inclusion theory [14] and Mori and Tanaka’s mean field theory [15]. It was pointed out that the internal stress produced by the misfit strain between two phases is the reason for the enhanced strain hardenability of dual-phase materials. The effect of internal stress on the strain hardening of dual-phase steel was investigated by the in-situ neutron diffraction measurement. Substantial strain partitioning between the ferrite and martensite phases was directly measured, which can be a strong evidence of increased internal stress [16]. However, these investigations can only provide the averaged stress/strain value for each constituent phase, while strain localization inside the soft phase around the phase boundary region is expected. In order to simulate microscopic deformation behavior of dual-phase material, the finite element unit cell model that can represent three dimensional distribution of hard phase was developed [17] and [18]. It was shown that significant strain concentration occurs in the soft phase connecting to the hard phase, and the ferrite–bainite steel with optimum volume fraction of bainite exhibited highest strain gradient in the boundary region [7] and [18]. Strain concentration is also enhanced by lager strength difference between soft and hard phases, resulting in higher strain hardenability [19]. The electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) is another method to evaluate microscopic deformation behavior by measuring the misorientations in adjacent measurement points (KAM) [20] and [21]. However, local strain investigated by the EBSD technique is not a direct measurement of material deformation, and it is not clear that the EBSD strain measurement can be applicable to a large and localized plastic deformation.In order to investigate microscopic deformation behavior inside the each constituent phase, a microscopic strain measurement technique has been developed using the submicron-sized fine grids drown by an electron beam lithograph technique [22]. By using this technique, it was made possible to measure the nanometer-sized local strain in the ferrite–martensite steel, and strain localization in the boundary region was directly observed. However, the relation between microscopic deformation behavior and strain hardening property has not been cleared yet. Therefore, more precise investigation of microscopic deformation behavior of dual-phase steel was conducted using above mentioned technique in this paper. Numerical analysis using the finite element unit cell model was also carried out to evaluate local and averaged stress and strain conditions in order to get further understanding on the strain hardening mechanisms.
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