Agriculture, and especially rice production, is an essential component of Thailand’s economy and culture. (Southeast Asia collectively produces 150 million tons of rice a year, 95% of which is consumed in the region; agricultural challenges facing Thailand, and the solutions for coping, often apply to its neighbors.) Historically, Thai farmers grew tens of thousands of varieties, although genetic modifications have reduced that number drastically. Rice biodiversity boosts soil fertility, contributes to thriving ecosystems, and has cultural significance. Throughout the year, there are dozens of ceremonies using different varieties of rice, including black, yellow, red, white and sticky rice. Following the traditional recipe for a single dish can require up to thirty rice varieties. Rice production also determines food security for many countries, as it is the only major grain grown exclusively for food and provides over one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide. The 2008 food crisis demonstrated the effects of rising rice prices on impoverished nations, worrying politicians and farmers alike. Climate change has and will continue to harm rice yields: a study by Okayama University in Japan found that grain yield declines when the average daily temperature exceeds 84° Fahrenheit (29° Celsius), and grain quality continues to decline linearly as temperatures rise. Rice, an essential crop in Thailand, is vulnerable to climate change but also has complex environmental impacts with no easy solutions.