Moral questions about warfare are often extremely troubling because the stakes in war are mon strously high and because such queries provoke clashes between widely held moral beliefs-espe cially these two: that killing people is wrong and that killing in self-defense may sometimes be right. Some veteran soldiers say that the cauldron of war tests the physical and moral mettle of the warrior more severely than any other experience in life. Likewise, weighing the morality of war making can try our moral sensibilities as few other issues can. Part of the role of morality is to help us make sense of, and contend with, the bad parts of life, the evil in the world. And few things can be a greater source of evil-massive, horrific moral evil-than war..
Those who have thought carefully about the moral dimensions of war know that the questions roused can be more than just troubling-they can also be complex. Is resorting to war ever morally permissible? Is it permissible even if it involves the killing of thousands or millions? even if it in volves-as it almost always does-the annihilation of innocents? Should we have a policy of never resorting to war? If so, should we stick to this pol icy even if our nation is attacked by another? even if the aggressor is bent on genocide? even if the aggressor intends to kill our neighbors, and only our going to war can stop the slaughter? If self defense is a valid reason for going to war, when is such action justified-only after we are attacked?
When we merely fear that we may be attacked?
Assuming we are justified in waging war, how exactly should we wage it? Does anything go-the bombing of civilian targets, the torture of prison ers of war, the use of weapons of mass destruction, the mass killing or ethnic cleansing of whole pop ulations? Or are we obligated to follow certain "rules of war" to contain the carnage? Should we dispense with morality altogether? That is, should we-as some political scientists suggest-forget about trying to apply morality to war and focus on wielding political and military power to ad vance our own national interests?
Fortunately, as moral philosophers have shown, these complexities are not
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