DPPH radical scavenging activities of polysaccharide frac-tions were determined according to a previous method (Shenet al., 2014) with slight modifications. Briefly, 1 mL polysaccharidesample (0–1.4 mg/mL) was added to 2 mL DPPH ethanol solution(0.2 mM), and then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm afterincubated at 37◦C for 30 min. The DPPH radical scavenging effectwas calculated using the following formula: