LITERATURE REVIEW
In the real estate industry are two distinct but interrelated markets: the market for tenant space and the market for investment capital. The decision making in each market is different since the space market is more concerned with the use decision whereas the investment decision is made in the capital market. In this research, the focus would be the investment capital market.
In the capital market, decisions are made based on investment analysis, in which the primary objective is the maximization of the capital return given a certain risk, or given a return, to minimize the risk. In order to achieve this objective, investors use decision support models.
The decision support models for capital market have emphasis on modern portfolio theory. Portfolio Theory assumes that unsystematic risk is reduced by including real estate in a portfolio, and perhaps by diversifying across economic areas and property types. The model assumes that are no constraints on the amount of any given asset class.
In practice these models are hard to use because real estate in particular lacks price data on frequent transactions that are comparable to price data for publicly traded stocks and bonds.
Investors traditionally have thought of equity real estate as an inefficient market in which the key to success is in the skill with which an individual investment is selected and negotiated. The general approach seems to be buying properties when they become available if they look like "good deals", with little regard for the equally important issue of how acquisition fits with other holdings in the portfolio and what effect, if any, it will have on the overall risk and return objectives of the portfolio. Investors need to assess how the real estate segment fits into their entire portfolio. This means setting risk and return objectives for the equity real estate portfolio as a whole that are compatible with the goals for the investor's entire portfolio. Devising a strategy for achieving these objectives and evaluating the extent to which individual transactions conform to the strategy and are likely to further portfolio objectives.
Real estate diversification is the key in real estate investment. In diversification the combination of property type and economic regions affect the risk and return characteristics of a portfolio. Spreading assets geographically has great affect in risk if the diversification is done across economic independent regions.
In the Capital Market the most important decision that needs to be supported is how much to put into different categories of assets and the overall risk level of the portfolio.
In order to support this decision, real estate portfolio decision models need to be implemented. These models should achieve higher-than average levels of return, and the investor must construct a portfolio involving greater-than-average risk. It also should be possible and useful to measure the risk and return and to develop, in an approximate manner, a portfolio strategy that balances the trade-off between these two performance criteria
The total risk on any investment can be decomposed into systematic and unsystematic component. Portfolio decision models focuses on the unsystematic risk that will largely disappear as an influence on the return of a well-diversified portfolio. The risk from changes in economic conditions throughout the country is systematic and will influence any portfolio, no matter how large and well diversified, because it influences each of the parts.
The capital market may have a lack of active management of real estate assets, along with changes in the environment surrounding corporate owned real estate that may result in significant value that is undetected by managers and investors alike. The potential hidden value in real estate is a function of: changes in capital market conditions, changes in firm prospects, in utilization of real estate, taxes, changes in accounting, and in factors affecting agency costs of the firm[1].
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the real estate industry are two distinct but interrelated markets: the market for tenant space and the market for investment capital. The decision making in each market is different since the space market is more concerned with the use decision whereas the investment decision is made in the capital market. In this research, the focus would be the investment capital market.
In the capital market, decisions are made based on investment analysis, in which the primary objective is the maximization of the capital return given a certain risk, or given a return, to minimize the risk. In order to achieve this objective, investors use decision support models.
The decision support models for capital market have emphasis on modern portfolio theory. Portfolio Theory assumes that unsystematic risk is reduced by including real estate in a portfolio, and perhaps by diversifying across economic areas and property types. The model assumes that are no constraints on the amount of any given asset class.
In practice these models are hard to use because real estate in particular lacks price data on frequent transactions that are comparable to price data for publicly traded stocks and bonds.
Investors traditionally have thought of equity real estate as an inefficient market in which the key to success is in the skill with which an individual investment is selected and negotiated. The general approach seems to be buying properties when they become available if they look like "good deals", with little regard for the equally important issue of how acquisition fits with other holdings in the portfolio and what effect, if any, it will have on the overall risk and return objectives of the portfolio. Investors need to assess how the real estate segment fits into their entire portfolio. This means setting risk and return objectives for the equity real estate portfolio as a whole that are compatible with the goals for the investor's entire portfolio. Devising a strategy for achieving these objectives and evaluating the extent to which individual transactions conform to the strategy and are likely to further portfolio objectives.
Real estate diversification is the key in real estate investment. In diversification the combination of property type and economic regions affect the risk and return characteristics of a portfolio. Spreading assets geographically has great affect in risk if the diversification is done across economic independent regions.
In the Capital Market the most important decision that needs to be supported is how much to put into different categories of assets and the overall risk level of the portfolio.
In order to support this decision, real estate portfolio decision models need to be implemented. These models should achieve higher-than average levels of return, and the investor must construct a portfolio involving greater-than-average risk. It also should be possible and useful to measure the risk and return and to develop, in an approximate manner, a portfolio strategy that balances the trade-off between these two performance criteria
The total risk on any investment can be decomposed into systematic and unsystematic component. Portfolio decision models focuses on the unsystematic risk that will largely disappear as an influence on the return of a well-diversified portfolio. The risk from changes in economic conditions throughout the country is systematic and will influence any portfolio, no matter how large and well diversified, because it influences each of the parts.
The capital market may have a lack of active management of real estate assets, along with changes in the environment surrounding corporate owned real estate that may result in significant value that is undetected by managers and investors alike. The potential hidden value in real estate is a function of: changes in capital market conditions, changes in firm prospects, in utilization of real estate, taxes, changes in accounting, and in factors affecting agency costs of the firm[1].
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