that the consensus view is that Australian mathematics teaching is generally repetitious, lacking complexity and rarely involves reasoning. Such mathematics teaching seems common in other countries as well. For example, Swan (2005), in summarising reports from education authorities in the United Kingdom, concluded that much mathematics teaching there consisted of low-level tasks that could be completed by mechanical reproduction of procedures, without deep thinking. Swan concluded that students of such teachers are mere receivers of information, having little opportunity to actively participate in lessons, are allowed little time to build their own understandings of concepts, and they experience little or no opportunity or encouragement to explain their reasoning. Ernest (2010) further confirmed the accuracy of these findings, even for university graduates, who feel that mathematics is inaccessible, related to ability rather than effort, abstract, and value free. A necessary corollary to incorporating these dual perspectives in mathematics teaching and learning in pedagogy is a consideration of the ways that teachers might engage their students in more productive learning. The research strongly suggests that teachers incorporate both types of mathematical actions in tasks for their students to undertake when learning mathematics.