Hospitality and tourism firms have applied all three
approaches, as outlined in several studies that discuss benefits
and drawbacks of each (e.g., see Sigala 2008, Tepelus
2005, and Budeanu 2005, single-firm approach; Tapper and
Font 2005, and Schwartz, Tapper, and Font 2008, joint sector
approach; and Tour Operators Initiative [TOI] 2007 and
World Tourism Organization [WTO] 2004, ABTA
[Association of British Travel Agents] and TOI 2002, and
TOI 2007, cross-sector approach).