2. Numerical Models
Computer programs have been developed and
applied to simulate complex flow. The most widely
used approach in modeling flow is the average
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method,
including the k-ε model. However, this approach is
less accurate and certain for a large scale computation,
such as flows around building-like obstacles,
compared to the Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
method (Rodi, 1997). The k-ε model over-predicts
the separation length by 35-110%, while the LES
method using standard Smagorinsky model
(SMG) over-predicts it by 7%. In LES, the standard
Smagorinsky has been widely used on account of
its computational simplicity and numerical stability
(Cheng, Lien, Yee & Sinclair, 2003). Computation
using the LES method is costly since an expensive
computer is usually needed to cope with the time
consuming process of the simulation.