When an emergency arises, it is important to be prepared to properly administer first aid. The basic principles of administering first aid from the American National Red Cross Standard First-Aid Training Course are presented. Some of the basic principles are: 1. Keep calm. 2. Identify yourself. 3. Evaluate what happened. 4. Protect the accident scene. 5. Be aware of common responses at an accident scene. 6. Make the victim comfortable. 7. Prepare for the worst. 8. Know first-aid priorities. 9. Obtain emergency transportation. 10. Provide complete information to emergency personnel. 11. Do not leave a seriously injured victim unattended. 12. Remember that you are not a physician.
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When an emergency arises, it is important to be prepared to properly administer first aid. The primary source for the basic first-aid information contained in this article was the American National Red Cross Standard First-Aid Training Course.
A) Keep calm
The most basic principle of first aid is to keep calm at the accident scene. Doing so will help decrease the victim's fears and anxieties and will help to ensure that the best first-aid care is provided during stabilization and treatment. Remember, excitement is contagious-keep yourself calm.
B) Identify yourself
Accident victims may be very upset and reluctant to accept assistance from a stranger. If you force the victim to accept assistance, your offer might be rejected. You should earn his/her confidence by conducting yourself in a professional manner.
C) Evaluate what happened
When you approach the accident scene, make a quick and thorough assessment of what may have happened. Be alert. Use all your senses for complete observation and anticipate the types of injuries, if any, that may have resulted. Your ability to complete an objective evaluation of what happened will help to determine the immediate corrective action required and will help to ensure that adequate first aid is provided.
D) Protect the accident scene
To ensure the safety of the victim(s) and yourself, you must control or eliminate any immediate danger or potential for additional injuries. When this is not possible, the victim(s) should be moved to a place where first-aid care and assistance can be safely provided. Anticipate danger or you may become the next accident victim.
E) Keep bystanders away
An accident scene tends to attract spectators. In many cases, these onlookers have an adverse affect on the victim by creating confusion and/or causing unnecessary alarm which may increase the likelihood that the victim will go into shock. Whenever possible, disperse spectators as soon as possible and protect the victim's privacy.
F) Be aware of common responses at an accident scene
An accident scene can create confusion that may cause the individuals involved to make irrational decisions. Be aware of the following normal responses.
*First-aid administrant. The first-aid administrant may do nothing for fear of making the situation worse. S/he may move the victim and/or administer liquids for no reason other than "to do something," or may interfere with others who are providing assistance thinking, "I can do it better."
*Accident victim. The accident victim may cry, shout or exhibit extreme behavior. S/he may get up, walk around, leave the scene or refuse medical assistance for fear it might make the situation worse. The victim may also become depressed, uncooperative or irrational.
G) Make the victim comfortable
Talk calmly and with authority. Advise the victim that you will provide assistance. Place the victim in a comfortable position. Be reassuring and responsive to the victim's concerns. Encourage him/her to relax. Let the victim tell you when s/he feels comfortable.
H) Keep the victim lying down (if possible)
It is easier to provide care while the victim is lying down. You should never move or force the victim to lie down until all major injuries (real or suspected) are stabilized.
Move slowly while providing first aid. Do not force the victim to do anything that causes discomfort or creates additional stress.
I) Check the victim for ID
Essential first aid does not include identifying the victim; however, checking the victim's personal belongings may provide important information such as medical conditions, allergies, blood type or medications. It may also be necessary to notify the victim's relatives if the injuries are serious or fatal. Always be certain that you have sufficient witnesses if you look through the victim's personal belongings.
J) Examine the victim
A quick but thorough examination is necessary to determine the extent of injury. Talk to the victim and keep his/her attention while you conduct the examination. Be sure you check all parts of the body. Always respect the victim's right to privacy. Solicit help and witnesses if needed.
K) Never permit the victim to know the extent of injury
The victim knows s/he is injured and in pain. Do not arouse additional concern with facial reactions or remarks about the seriousness of the injuries. These actions can adversely affect the victim's mental attitude, can cause shock or may influence the victim's recovery rate.
L) Prepare for the worst
It is not always possible to accurately determine the extent of injury. The care you give should be guided by the victim's complaints and your assessment of what might have occurred. There is no harm in providing too much first aid.
A victim will not typically complain if too much first aid is provided (e.g., applying a splint when the arm or leg is not broken). Conversely, providing insufficient first aid may cause serious problems in the future. Aim to provide the best care possible.
M) Know first-aid priorities
The four major injury types that require first aid in order of importance include:
1) serious bleeding (arterial);
2) cardiac arrest/stoppage of breathing;
3) internal poisoning;
4) shock.
After providing care for the above conditions, then consider addressing the following injuries:
1) fractures;
2) burns;
3) concussions;
4) lacerations;
5) animal bites;
6) other injuries.
These types of injuries are not generally life-threatening, however, they can be serious and may lead to shock or even death.
N) Be familiar with first-aid equipment & materials
Adequate first-aid equipment and materials are not always readily available at an accident scene. Do not excite the victim by expressing your concern. Attempt to improvise. If you cannot provide adequate assistance, make the victim as comfortable as possible and call for help.
O) Keep the victim warm
Cover the victim to protect from the elements and to maintain normal body temperature. Do not overheat the victim. In hot weather, provide shade for the victim. In cold weather, if hot packs are used, make certain that you do not burn the victim.
P) Do not give liquids to an unconscious victim
An unconscious victim may have serious internal injuries and/or may require surgery following transport to a hospital. Moistening the lips will usually provide relief from thirst and satisfy the victim's need for something cool until medical specialists can evaluate his/her condition. Do not permit injured victims to drink large amounts of fluid.
Q) Obtain emergency transportation
Moving the victim and/or providing emergency transportation is usually necessary for two reasons:
1) To move the victim to a place where first aid can be safely administered. Do not care for a victim in the middle of a highway or in a burning building-you may be the next victim.
2) To move the victim to a hospital or physician's office so that additional medical treatment can be provided.
Whenever possible, obtain professional assistance when transporting an injured victim. Never transport an injured victim in your own automobile unless there is no other alternative.
R) Provide complete information to emergency personnel
Excitement at the accident scene is contagious and this causes individuals to forget the facts and become emotional. Remember, help cannot arrive if it does not know where to go. Provide the following information to emergency personnel:
1) location of emergency:
a) on highways, use route numbers, direction of travel and mile markers;
b) on city streets, use street name, nearest address or street intersection.
c) in other areas, use easily recognizable landmarks.
2) An account of the incident; number and severity of injuries;
3) total time elapsed since injuries occurred;
4) assistance currently being provided.
S) Appoint someone to watch for emergency vehicles
Make certain that someone is always available to watch for and to direct emergency vehicles. Nothing is more frustrating for emergency medical crews than to arrive at an accident scene with rescue equipment and be unable to locate the victim(s). Always watch for emergency vehicles. Be ready to provide directions when help arrives.
T) Cooperate at the accident scene
Any method or procedure that gets the job done without causing additional injury to the victim is okay. If you see that a procedure is not meeting this objective, suggest a better method and provide an explanation. Do not create confusion at the accident scene. Assist-do not hinder-the administration of first aid.
U) Do not allow the victim to overhear your conversation
When an accident victim overhears discussions about the seriousness of injuries, first-aid care requirements, methods of improvising, need for transportation and other issues, the immediate result is increased concern. Furthermore, when disagreements are overheard at an accident scene, the victim(s) and the observers quickly lose confidence in the quality of the care being provided. Discuss treatment procedure and differences of opinion where you will not be overheard.
V) Do not leave a seriously injured victim unattended
Most accident victims have a major concern about the ex
When an emergency arises, it is important to be prepared to properly administer first aid. The basic principles of administering first aid from the American National Red Cross Standard First-Aid Training Course are presented. Some of the basic principles are: 1. Keep calm. 2. Identify yourself. 3. Evaluate what happened. 4. Protect the accident scene. 5. Be aware of common responses at an accident scene. 6. Make the victim comfortable. 7. Prepare for the worst. 8. Know first-aid priorities. 9. Obtain emergency transportation. 10. Provide complete information to emergency personnel. 11. Do not leave a seriously injured victim unattended. 12. Remember that you are not a physician.
Full text
Translate Full textTurn on search term navigation
When an emergency arises, it is important to be prepared to properly administer first aid. The primary source for the basic first-aid information contained in this article was the American National Red Cross Standard First-Aid Training Course.
A) Keep calm
The most basic principle of first aid is to keep calm at the accident scene. Doing so will help decrease the victim's fears and anxieties and will help to ensure that the best first-aid care is provided during stabilization and treatment. Remember, excitement is contagious-keep yourself calm.
B) Identify yourself
Accident victims may be very upset and reluctant to accept assistance from a stranger. If you force the victim to accept assistance, your offer might be rejected. You should earn his/her confidence by conducting yourself in a professional manner.
C) Evaluate what happened
When you approach the accident scene, make a quick and thorough assessment of what may have happened. Be alert. Use all your senses for complete observation and anticipate the types of injuries, if any, that may have resulted. Your ability to complete an objective evaluation of what happened will help to determine the immediate corrective action required and will help to ensure that adequate first aid is provided.
D) Protect the accident scene
To ensure the safety of the victim(s) and yourself, you must control or eliminate any immediate danger or potential for additional injuries. When this is not possible, the victim(s) should be moved to a place where first-aid care and assistance can be safely provided. Anticipate danger or you may become the next accident victim.
E) Keep bystanders away
An accident scene tends to attract spectators. In many cases, these onlookers have an adverse affect on the victim by creating confusion and/or causing unnecessary alarm which may increase the likelihood that the victim will go into shock. Whenever possible, disperse spectators as soon as possible and protect the victim's privacy.
F) Be aware of common responses at an accident scene
An accident scene can create confusion that may cause the individuals involved to make irrational decisions. Be aware of the following normal responses.
*First-aid administrant. The first-aid administrant may do nothing for fear of making the situation worse. S/he may move the victim and/or administer liquids for no reason other than "to do something," or may interfere with others who are providing assistance thinking, "I can do it better."
*Accident victim. The accident victim may cry, shout or exhibit extreme behavior. S/he may get up, walk around, leave the scene or refuse medical assistance for fear it might make the situation worse. The victim may also become depressed, uncooperative or irrational.
G) Make the victim comfortable
Talk calmly and with authority. Advise the victim that you will provide assistance. Place the victim in a comfortable position. Be reassuring and responsive to the victim's concerns. Encourage him/her to relax. Let the victim tell you when s/he feels comfortable.
H) Keep the victim lying down (if possible)
It is easier to provide care while the victim is lying down. You should never move or force the victim to lie down until all major injuries (real or suspected) are stabilized.
Move slowly while providing first aid. Do not force the victim to do anything that causes discomfort or creates additional stress.
I) Check the victim for ID
Essential first aid does not include identifying the victim; however, checking the victim's personal belongings may provide important information such as medical conditions, allergies, blood type or medications. It may also be necessary to notify the victim's relatives if the injuries are serious or fatal. Always be certain that you have sufficient witnesses if you look through the victim's personal belongings.
J) Examine the victim
A quick but thorough examination is necessary to determine the extent of injury. Talk to the victim and keep his/her attention while you conduct the examination. Be sure you check all parts of the body. Always respect the victim's right to privacy. Solicit help and witnesses if needed.
K) Never permit the victim to know the extent of injury
The victim knows s/he is injured and in pain. Do not arouse additional concern with facial reactions or remarks about the seriousness of the injuries. These actions can adversely affect the victim's mental attitude, can cause shock or may influence the victim's recovery rate.
L) Prepare for the worst
It is not always possible to accurately determine the extent of injury. The care you give should be guided by the victim's complaints and your assessment of what might have occurred. There is no harm in providing too much first aid.
A victim will not typically complain if too much first aid is provided (e.g., applying a splint when the arm or leg is not broken). Conversely, providing insufficient first aid may cause serious problems in the future. Aim to provide the best care possible.
M) Know first-aid priorities
The four major injury types that require first aid in order of importance include:
1) serious bleeding (arterial);
2) cardiac arrest/stoppage of breathing;
3) internal poisoning;
4) shock.
After providing care for the above conditions, then consider addressing the following injuries:
1) fractures;
2) burns;
3) concussions;
4) lacerations;
5) animal bites;
6) other injuries.
These types of injuries are not generally life-threatening, however, they can be serious and may lead to shock or even death.
N) Be familiar with first-aid equipment & materials
Adequate first-aid equipment and materials are not always readily available at an accident scene. Do not excite the victim by expressing your concern. Attempt to improvise. If you cannot provide adequate assistance, make the victim as comfortable as possible and call for help.
O) Keep the victim warm
Cover the victim to protect from the elements and to maintain normal body temperature. Do not overheat the victim. In hot weather, provide shade for the victim. In cold weather, if hot packs are used, make certain that you do not burn the victim.
P) Do not give liquids to an unconscious victim
An unconscious victim may have serious internal injuries and/or may require surgery following transport to a hospital. Moistening the lips will usually provide relief from thirst and satisfy the victim's need for something cool until medical specialists can evaluate his/her condition. Do not permit injured victims to drink large amounts of fluid.
Q) Obtain emergency transportation
Moving the victim and/or providing emergency transportation is usually necessary for two reasons:
1) To move the victim to a place where first aid can be safely administered. Do not care for a victim in the middle of a highway or in a burning building-you may be the next victim.
2) To move the victim to a hospital or physician's office so that additional medical treatment can be provided.
Whenever possible, obtain professional assistance when transporting an injured victim. Never transport an injured victim in your own automobile unless there is no other alternative.
R) Provide complete information to emergency personnel
Excitement at the accident scene is contagious and this causes individuals to forget the facts and become emotional. Remember, help cannot arrive if it does not know where to go. Provide the following information to emergency personnel:
1) location of emergency:
a) on highways, use route numbers, direction of travel and mile markers;
b) on city streets, use street name, nearest address or street intersection.
c) in other areas, use easily recognizable landmarks.
2) An account of the incident; number and severity of injuries;
3) total time elapsed since injuries occurred;
4) assistance currently being provided.
S) Appoint someone to watch for emergency vehicles
Make certain that someone is always available to watch for and to direct emergency vehicles. Nothing is more frustrating for emergency medical crews than to arrive at an accident scene with rescue equipment and be unable to locate the victim(s). Always watch for emergency vehicles. Be ready to provide directions when help arrives.
T) Cooperate at the accident scene
Any method or procedure that gets the job done without causing additional injury to the victim is okay. If you see that a procedure is not meeting this objective, suggest a better method and provide an explanation. Do not create confusion at the accident scene. Assist-do not hinder-the administration of first aid.
U) Do not allow the victim to overhear your conversation
When an accident victim overhears discussions about the seriousness of injuries, first-aid care requirements, methods of improvising, need for transportation and other issues, the immediate result is increased concern. Furthermore, when disagreements are overheard at an accident scene, the victim(s) and the observers quickly lose confidence in the quality of the care being provided. Discuss treatment procedure and differences of opinion where you will not be overheard.
V) Do not leave a seriously injured victim unattended
Most accident victims have a major concern about the ex
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