The Figure 1 model also applies to middle level leaders, and others with a leadership role. Depending
on their role in terms of influencing teaching and learning, middle level leaders, in particular, are more
likely to focus their work across levels 1 and 2 [45]. An example would be a head of a curriculum area
working in a coaching role with teachers to improve pedagogy. To date, however, the ISSPP has not
done much to unpack the nature of successful middle level leadership although the research has
consistently indicated that principals need to draw on a repertoire of leadership ideas, and, in particular,
utilise the both instructional and transformational leadership styles. In Figure 1 this has been termed a
portfolio approach to leadership see [62] in which wide knowledge about leadership helps develop
characteristics and practices that can be drawn upon depending on need and circumstances.