The reason for this is that ‘“the free market” does not provide consumers with proper information, because the social and environmental costs of production are not part of current economic models. Private profits are being made at public costs in the deterioration of the environment and the general quality of life, and at the expense of future generations’ (Capra, 1997: 291). Thus, currently, the market often fails to control exploitation for various reasons. One is the difficulty in valuing many resources; for example, it is not easy to assign a value simply because a species is rare, and some things are valueless since a use has yet to be found for them. Resources and environment may be used to give outputs (such as crops) or benefits (such as recreational use) or there may be non-use (intrinsic) value (e.g. conservation provides material for future pharmaceutical use or crop breeding). When a resource or the environment has current utility (i.e. can give ‘satisfaction’), this may be gained directly, say by the use of land for recreation or tourism, or indirectly through manufacturing (Perman et al., 1996)