p-Hydroxybenzoic acids increased markedly (84%) in SSF extracts (Table 2) possibly due to their synthesis from bean hemicelluloses by B. subtilis (Reddy & Krishnan, 2013), whilst the concentration of these compounds underwent a significant
(P 6 0.05) diminution during the LSF process, likely caused by the metabolism p-hydroxybenzoic acids by LAB decarboxylases (Rodriguez, Landete, de las Rivas, & Muñoz, 2008).