“The existence of three geographically correlated clades in C. destructor was revealed by Nguyen et al. (2004), with a high degree of genetic divergence between clades (8–15 bp) and relatively limited haplotype diversity within clades (1–3 bp). Historical processes, including fragmentation on a larger geographical scale and more recent range expansion on a local scale, appear to be responsible for such patterns of genetic variation within C. destructor.