For others, such as Habermas (1996), however, problems of representation reappeared in potentially productive ways. First in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1989 [1962]) and then more completely in Between Facts and Norms (1996), Habermas cast representative institutions as mediating between state and society via public spheres of judgment, such that representation is incomplete without the deliberative attentiveness of citizens mediated by public spheres, and the reflective transmission of public deliberations into the domain of representative institutions. Habermas was interested not only in the correlation between judgments emanating from the public sphere and institutionalized representation, but also in those moments of disjunction that generate extraparliamentary forms of representation, particularly through new social movements and other kinds of civil society associations. Importantly, these creative disjunctions are intrinsic to the functioning of representative democracy. In this way, Habermas opened a window on representation beyond the standard account.