A lab-scale FIR dryer (HKD-LAB, Korea Energy Technical, Seoul, Korea) was used for FIRD. The size of the FIR dryer chamber was 600 ¥ 600 ¥ 700 mm3. This lab-scale FIR dryer was specially designed in an effort to control the internal temperature of the drying chamber by setting the drying temperature. Most lab-scale FIR dryers are designed to set the power of the radiator to control the drying temperature, but it may not be easy to maintain a constant drying tem- perature during drying in this approach. Therefore, in the present study, the internal temperature was varied to inves- tigate the effect of temperature on drying kinetics. Relative humidity was maintained at 0.65 0.25% by circulating the air in the drying chamber. To minimize the come-up- time effect, the dryer was turned on and set at the drying temperature for 30 min before the experiment. The hot AD experiments were conducted in a tray dryer (Dong Yang Science Co., Siheung, Gyeonggi, Korea). The chamber size of the tray dryer was 600 ¥ 600 ¥ 700 mm3. The temperature in the dryer was maintained at 2C from the temperature set up for the experiment. Air was blown into the chamber, and the air flow was parallel to the drying surface of the sample. The relative humidity during the experiment was maintained at 0.80 0.31% by circulating the air in the drying chamber.