Animals develop relationships with intra- and interspecific partners, including humans. In
some cases this can lead to strong emotional bonds indicating the existence of attachment.
The sheep is well known to develop various forms of social attachment (mothers towards
young, lambs towards siblings). The relationship they can develop with humans is much
less understood. In this review, based on the attachment theory framework developed in
human infants, we outline features and mechanisms that participate in the development
and the expression of affiliative behaviours that lambs can develop with their mother or
a human. Behavioural tests comparing responses towards a presumed attachment figure
with those directed towards unfamiliar or familiar conspecifics demonstrate that lambs
do search specifically the proximity of their mother or human caregiver. Differential emotional responses in the presence (calmness) or the absence of the partner (agitation) are
also expressed. However, a relationship with a human takes place more easily when lambs
are reared without their primary attachment figure, the mother. Human-lamb attachment
is then facilitated by positive social contacts (gentling, hand-feeding) provided by a specific
caregiver. In the case of attachment with the mother, suckling is the main reward. Although
the existence of a sensitive period is still unclear, in both cases attachment develops more
rapidly if positive interactions take place immediately after birth. Three neurochemical systems have profound impact on the expression of filial attachment in sheep: the gut peptide
cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and oxytocin, all known to play a key role in prosocial behaviours in mammals. In addition, positive nutritive or non-nutritive interactions
activate specific brain regions that are involved in the expression of social and emotional
behaviours. In conclusion, lambs do develop intra- and interspecific attachment but not in
a concomitant manner as the presence of the mother strongly reduces their motivation to
interact with a human. Nonetheless, under artificial rearing conditions the human becomes
a salient attachment figure.
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved