The consequences ofmalnutrition are more severe if present in particular stages
of life. Malnutrition during pregnancy is a serious risk for the
development of the immune defense of the fetus, both in the
intrauterine life and in the postnatal one, when the infant is no
longer protected by the maternal defenses [37]. Malnutrition
during weaning and in early childhood may result in lasting
effects that can affect important aspects of the entire postnatal
life, such as the somatic and stature growth and defense against
infectious diseases [35]. The gastro-intestinal immune
system develops mainly on the basis of the reports that it
contracts with the world of bacteria [38] and the development
of bacterial flora begins from the moment of birth and continues,
especially in humans, with a particular sequence of
bacterial strains, that change with different stages of infant
nutrition, from breast feeding to weaning