Presently, the rapid changing in technologies, industrial products
and practices, generate waste that, if improperly managed,
could threaten public health and the environment. Among industrial
sectors, textile industries are rated as high polluters, taking
into consideration the volume of discharge and effluent composition.
It has been estimated that 10–15% of the dye is lost in the
dye effluent [1]. The discharge of dyes in the environment is a
matter of concern for both toxicological and esthetical reasons,
causing serious water pollution problems to aquatic life due to
the reduced light penetration [2–4]. The presence of these dyes
in water, even at very low concentrations (less than 1 ppm for
some dyes), is highly visible and undesirable [4,5]. Biological and
chemical methods have traditionally been employed for dye
removal, but they have not been very successful since dyes are stable
to light, oxidizing agents and aerobic digestion. Also, these
methods are, in general, of high capital and operational costs and
generate secondary sludge disposal problems [6–9].
Presently, the rapid changing in technologies, industrial productsand practices, generate waste that, if improperly managed,could threaten public health and the environment. Among industrialsectors, textile industries are rated as high polluters, takinginto consideration the volume of discharge and effluent composition.It has been estimated that 10–15% of the dye is lost in thedye effluent [1]. The discharge of dyes in the environment is amatter of concern for both toxicological and esthetical reasons,causing serious water pollution problems to aquatic life due tothe reduced light penetration [2–4]. The presence of these dyesin water, even at very low concentrations (less than 1 ppm forsome dyes), is highly visible and undesirable [4,5]. Biological andchemical methods have traditionally been employed for dyeremoval, but they have not been very successful since dyes are stableto light, oxidizing agents and aerobic digestion. Also, thesemethods are, in general, of high capital and operational costs andgenerate secondary sludge disposal problems [6–9].
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