The formation of hybrid cultures, then, becomes a precondition for inventive representation in creating subjectivities which resist cultural constraints and cultural determinism. The result is that the tourists and locals in hybridized cultures can have possibilities to cross over their own cultural boundaries the tourist not as an invader, but as an engaged traveller; and the local not existing in a static culture, but engaged in a dynamic and evolving culture (MacCannell, 1992; Wearing, 1998). This is the sort of interaction that Bauman envisions when he speaks of tourism as a "springboard' to cross- cultural interaction and coexistence (Franklin, 2003). He observes: