The analyses do not in themselves show when the effects associated with a union
presence took place (or whether they are currently continuing). This can, however, be
inferred from other knowledge. Because employers are vigorously pursuing their own
change agenda in terms of labour-cost-cutting and HR/HPWS practices (see White
et al., 2004), it seems reasonable to assume that in these respects the influence of a
union presence is contemporary. In the case of family-friendly practices, again, the
relatively recent concern about such provisions suggests a contemporary influence
from the union presence. In the case of traditional fringe benefits, which have seen
little growth for many years, it seems more plausible that the union presence has simply
continued to protect and maintain advantages previously ceded by employers.