2 Pictorial stimuli
As in Mirandola et al. (2014), a set of episodes (also named ‘‘scripts’’) with varying emotional valence were used as encoding stimuli. The material for each episode consisted of a sequence of 15 colour pictures depicting an ordinary event (e.g., going grocery shopping, waking up in the morning, etc.); out of them, 11 were actually shown, in chronological order, during the encoding phase, while the remaining 4 were used as distractors in the recognition test. The Appendix shows how one episode was presented during the encoding phase and which pictures were later used at the
memory test. Other photographs were created to depict three different outcomes for each episode. Each outcome was depicted by a sequence of two pictures and was either neutral, positive, or negative (positive and negative being associated with high arousal). Valence of the outcomes was counterbalanced across participants,such that each of the three alternative outcomes of each episodes was presented to one third of the participants. The nine episodes were presented one after the other without interruptions. In order to avoid primacy and recency effects, 5 script-inconsistent pictures were shown at the very beginning of the presentation, and other 5 at the very end. Each episode had different characters and settings.Four old (i.e. ‘‘targets’’) and four new (i.e. ‘‘distractors’’) photographs were presented for each episode during the recognition test; one of the four distractors was named causal antecedent, as it depicted the causal antecedent whose outcome had been presented during the encoding phase, while the other three were named gap-filling pictures. Overall, 45 old and 45 new photographs were presented during the recognition test in a randomized order.
Negative, positive, and neutral outcomes of each episode significantly differed in valence (ps
สิ่งเร้าจำ 2ใน Mirandola et al. (2014), ชุดตอน (มีชื่อว่า ''สคริปต์ '') มีเวเลนซ์ทางอารมณ์แตกต่างกันถูกใช้เป็นสิ่งเร้าที่เข้ารหัส วัสดุสำหรับแต่ละตอนประกอบด้วยลำดับของภาพสี 15 แสดงเหตุการณ์สามัญ (เช่น ไปร้านขายของชำช้อปปิ้ง ตื่นเช้า ฯลฯ); จากนั้น 11 มีจริงแสดง ลำดับ ระหว่างขั้นตอนการเข้ารหัส ขณะใช้ 4 เหลือเป็น distractors ในการทดสอบการรับรู้ แสดงภาคผนวกวิธีการนำเสนอตอนหนึ่งระหว่างการเข้ารหัส เฟสและรูปภาพที่ได้หลังใช้ในการmemory test. Other photographs were created to depict three different outcomes for each episode. Each outcome was depicted by a sequence of two pictures and was either neutral, positive, or negative (positive and negative being associated with high arousal). Valence of the outcomes was counterbalanced across participants,such that each of the three alternative outcomes of each episodes was presented to one third of the participants. The nine episodes were presented one after the other without interruptions. In order to avoid primacy and recency effects, 5 script-inconsistent pictures were shown at the very beginning of the presentation, and other 5 at the very end. Each episode had different characters and settings.Four old (i.e. ‘‘targets’’) and four new (i.e. ‘‘distractors’’) photographs were presented for each episode during the recognition test; one of the four distractors was named causal antecedent, as it depicted the causal antecedent whose outcome had been presented during the encoding phase, while the other three were named gap-filling pictures. Overall, 45 old and 45 new photographs were presented during the recognition test in a randomized order.Negative, positive, and neutral outcomes of each episode significantly differed in valence (ps <.001), and all the negative and positive consequences were significantly more arousing than the neutral ones (ps <.001), as indicated by previous ratings provided by 11 independent judges using the SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin) scale (Lang, 1980).2.3. Procedure2.3.1. Encoding phase and retention intervalParticipants were tested individually in a quiet room in their own school and were told that they would see a series ofphotographs depicting young people doing different daily activities,and that their task would be to understand what happened in the different situations. The entire encoding phase consisted of a series of 127 photographs, each of which was presented for 2 s and was followed by a black screen lasting 2 s as interstimuli. The stimuli were presented on a computer screen placed about 50 cm from the head of the participant. During the presentation, the room was dim. A 15-min retention interval followed the encoding phase.
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