Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) generates an electric current that induces cortical modulation and
brings about long‑lasting neuronal plasticity changes using a noninvasive technique.[19] It has been reported to improve the language ability, memory capacity, and executive functions for several weeks after a short period of treatment.[20,21] The rTMS combined with cognitive training seems to be a beneficial,effective and promising modality for AD treatment.[22] A second method, however, has drawn public attention in more recent years. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces neural modulation of cortical excitability and its favorable effects outlast the period of stimulation. It has been proven that tDCS is not only helpful in treating cognitive dysfunction but also helps in reducing the P300 latency, which is acknowledged to be abnormally increased in patients suffering from AD.[23] The neuro‑modulation methods, including DBS,rTMS, and tDCS have been applied in patients with AD with certain curative benefits. However, the sample size being studied is usually small, and the time points of stimulation,the duration of treatment, and the safety of the procedure are still unknown. Moreover, large‑scale clinical trials are required to prove its efficacy before neuro‑modulation can be incorporated as a conventional treatment for AD.