The effect of exercise on bone mass in combination with
other nutrients has not been studied yet. However, it has
been suggested that a complex matrix of interactions
between nutrients, genes, and lifestyle (i.e., physical activity)
could occur [110]. Therefore, to study the effect on
bone development avoiding the present inconsistency in the
results of individual influences, a combination of potential
factors could be the most reasonable approach [96].
Proteins may also affect bone metabolism. Their role is
complex and probably depends on the action of other nutrients
[111,112]. Both low- and high-protein diets may be
detrimental for bone health [111]. High consumption of
animal proteins may negatively affect bone mass by their
effects on the renal excretion of calcium [113,114], probably
because of the increased acid load from metabolism of
sulfur-containing amino acids [115]. The consumption of
vegetable proteins may attenuate these negative effects on
bone mass, being associated with the contribution of other
nutrients