At different braking scenarios, we simulated the dynamic performance of the car and force distribution due to different
brake pedal inputs. The simulation is run for a period of 50 s. The car reaches a maximum velocity of 20 m/s, and then, it
starts braking. Regenerative braking is only in the front because the car is front driven. In one case, a small brake pedal input is applied. The deceleration achieved is very small, depicting a congested city traffic scenario. In Fig. 12, it is evident from the plots that, when the brake pedal is depressed, the vehicle starts decelerating at a small rate. The brake torque corresponding to this brake pedal input is small, so that the entire braking torque could be provided by the generator. Hence, we observe in the second subplot that the braking is just purely regenerative, and hence, an appreciable SOC increment is observed in the third subplot. Figs. 13 and 14 show the simulation results of 50% brake pedal depressed and full brake pedal depressed, respectively. The following equations are used to calculate the amount of brake torque required to stop the vehicle in the stopping distance prescribed by the drive cycle. In the MATLAB/Simulink model, the motor parameters are as follows: power Pe = 40 kw, maximum current Imax = 600 A, minimum voltage Vmin = 60 v, maximum motor torque Tm = 520.88 NM, and maximum regenerative torque Treg = 322.7 NM. The vehicle characteristics are as follows: mass of the vehicle Mv = 1325 kg, frontal area Af = 2.57 m2, drag coefficient Cw = 0.30, air density ρ = 1.2 kg/m3, radius of the wheel Rw = 0.3 m, and rolling resistance coefficient Croll = 0.008. Required brake force