Energy and CO2: Mumbai ranks average in energy and CO2. Its inhabitants emit an estimat- ed 1 tonne of CO2 per capita per year, which is much lower than the Index average of 4.6 tonnes. Due to a lack of comprehensive data, however, Mumbai’s CO2 emissions performance is based on calculations which include data from 2004. Mumbai does well on the share of renew- ables it uses for electricity production. At 21% it has the fourth highest percentage in the Index, with hydro power accounting for most of it. On the other side, Mumbai registers an above aver- age rate of energy consumption compared to its economic output. It consumes an estimated 6.5 megajoules of energy per US$ of GDP, compared to the Index average of 6 megajoules. However, the same caveats apply to the calculation of energy consumption figure as for the CO2 emis- sions figures above. Elsewhere in the energy and CO2 category, Mumbai scores poorly in poli- cy areas. For example, it has a relatively weak strategy to reduce the environmental impact of energy consumption. And Mumbai’s climate change action plan covers only energy, build- ings and waste, while missing, for example, transport. However, the city has signed up to the C40 group of cities that have made a pledge to reduce greenhouse gases, and it does score highly in the Index for its efforts to source renewable energy.
Green initiatives: The Mumbai Energy Alliance (MEA), a partnership between local government and non-governmental organisations, promotes energy efficiency programmes in the Greater