Waste management is an integral part of
the sustainable city model (Fig. 5). Therefore, a holistic,
integrated cradle-to-cradle approach aimed at avoiding
or eliminating waste from the whole life cycle is needed,
i.e. from generation to final disposal of waste. Both Adelaide
and Stockholm have the vision to become ‘‘zero
waste cities”. However, it would be difficult to transform
cities into zero waste cities without a properly defined
action plan and a well-coordinated implementation
schedule.