Phillips-Perron (PP) Unit Root Tests
The Dickey–Fuller test involves fitting the regression model
Δyt = ρyt−1 + (constant, time trend) + ut (1)
by ordinary least squares (OLS), but serial correlation will present a problem. To account for this, the augmented Dickey–Fuller test’s regression includes lags of the first differences of yt. The Phillips– Perron test involves fitting (1), and the results are used to calculate the test statistics. They estimate not (1) but:
yt = πyt−1 + (constant, time trend) + ut (2)
In (1) ut is I(0) and may be heteroskedastic. The PP tests correct for any serial correlation and heteroskedasticity in the errors ut non-parametrically by modifying the Dickey Fuller test statistics.
Phillips and Perron’s test statistics can be viewed as Dickey–Fuller statistics that have been made robust to serial correlation by using the Newey–West (1987) heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent covariance matrix estimator.
Under the null hypothesis that ρ = 0, the PP Zt and Zπ statistics have the same asymptotic distributions as the ADF t-statistic and normalized bias statistics. One advantage of the PP tests over the ADF tests is that the PP tests are robust to general forms of heteroskedasticity in the error term ut. Another advantage is that the user does not have to specify a lag length for the test regression.
We have not dealt with it, but the Dickey Fuller test produces two test statistics. The normalized bias T (π− 1) has a well defined limiting distribution that does not depend on nuisance parameters it can also be used as a test statistic for the null hypothesis H0 : π = 1. This is the second test from DF and relats to Zπ in Phillips and Perron.