The growing water demand and the discharge of mostly untreated wastewater pose a huge challenge for managing water resources in an integrated manner. Direct reuses of untreated wastewater as well as the use of freshwater resources polluted by wastewater in farming are very common throughout urban and periurban areas. Despite a positive impact on local economies with large socio-economic benefits from the irrigated areas, public health risks are undeniable.
This practice will only increase with increasing water scarcity and urbanization. Wastewater and biosolids/sludges are therefore important resources that can assist in fighting the water, food and energy crises. The use of wastewater, excreta and grey water in agriculture offers opportunities for water and nutrient recycling and can have a positive impact on the environment by preventing pollution.