In 1961-1962
• Mandela Nelso co-founded and became the first leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”)
• In January 1962, Mandela traveled abroad illegally to attend a conference of African nationalist leaders in Ethiopia, visit the exiled Oliver Tambo in London and undergo guerilla training in Algeria.
• Mandela is denouncing the injustices of apartheid. He ended with the following words
“I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”