By contrast, smallholders are typically quoted as having land values of about US$400 per hectare (Indonesia Consortium, 1997). The 1997 fires have destroyed smallholder and transmigration lands, which are the most valuable assets for villagers to depend on. The land values may understate the effects, given that the smallholders mostly rely on these very lands for their daily lives, and loss of these lands may require them to relocate or incur additional expenses.