The main source for finding problems relating to the implementation and use of PMS has
been a study of literature sources not older than 1996 and mainly consisting of scientific
articles, although related popular-scientific books and articles also have been used.
Reason for the chosen time period is that there have been so many changes the last
decade in the competitive landscape (more globalization, increased competitive and
legislatory pressures, shorter product and organizational life cycles, more independent
and self-assured employees) that it is assumed that these changes render the results of
studies older than ten years less relevant. All the chosen literature sources discussed one
or more problems related to the implementation and/or use of a PMS. Because authors
use different terminology in their studies, the problems were grouped into comparable
problem categories. Each category then was given a unique description. Based on the
literature study, 31 problem categories were identified. Appendix 1 contains an
overview of the studied literature sources, Appendix 2 lists the literature sources for
each problem category. Underneath follows a description of each problem category