water contact angle (WCA) close to 0°, demonstrating the antifogging
function.With an optimal thickness of about a quarter of the lightwavelength,
the resultant film also shows an antireflective function to the
visible light. We employed such multifunctional silica film on the full
sized crystalline silicon solar cells (1580×808×35mm in size) and investigated
the effect of the film on the output of the cells at various incidence
angles.