Although all prior theories contend that satisfaction evaluation is contingent on the valence of the consumption outcome, we anticipate that hope moderates the impact of outcome valence on satisfaction because hope affects many of the previously identified antecedents to satisfaction, specifically (1) whether consumers perceive a disconfirmation, (2) the extent to which they perceive the exchange as equitable, (3) the nature of the emotions they experience on achievement of the goal-congruent outcome (or lack thereof), and (4) to whom they attribute product success or failure.