2.1. Materials
Fresh clamshell (M. meretrix) was collected from Remis Sandy
beach Selangor, Malaysia. The shell is thick, smooth and devoid
of any sculpture and triangular ovate, yellowish with brown tinted
coating (Fig. 1). The list of surfactants are ethylene glycol (EG)
(Merck), diethyl ether (DE) (R&M chemical) and N-Cetyl-N,N,Ntrimethylammonium
bromide (CTAB) (R&M chemical), 99.8% pure
nano-powder calcium hydroxide (Sigma Aldrich) denoted as STD
nano-Ca(OH)2, and 99.9% calcium carbonate (R&M chemical)
denoted as STD CaCO3