The strategies under this subcategory were employed to deal with communication
breakdown and the student, as the message sender, demonstrated that he/she attempted to
convey the intended message to the interlocutor without an intermission or a pause by
using one of the strategies or a series of strategies under this subcategory to achieve the
communicative purpose. In this subcategory, altogether eleven strategies emerged. The
strategies include:
• Switching some unknown words or phrases into Thai
• Correcting his/her own pronunciation, grammar and lexical mistakes
• Using familiar words, phrases, or sentences
• Using circumlocution
• Using non-verbal expressions such as mime, gestures, and facial expressions
• Referring to objects or materials
• Drawing a picture
• Repeating words, phrases, or sentences a few times
• Spelling or writing out the intended words, phrases, or sentences
• Using fillers
• Appealing for assistance from the interlocutor