in frozen chicken meat were carried out. Fresh chicken breast (Tyson, Jiangsu) was obtained from a local market (Wal-Mart, Hangzhou) and stored in a refrigerator at 4 ?C before processing. Chicken was cut into pieces weighting ?100 g and filled into sterile stomacher bags inside a biological safety cabinet. Chicken slurry was made by blending for 15 min in a stomacher (BM-400, Interscience BagMixer, France) to obtain 100 g of sample slurry.