The data gathered show clearly a high
resource dependence by the NSOs on the
state. This demonstrates that they are not
self-contained and are required to interact
with external elements in order to obtain the
necessary resources for survival.
Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) state that interdependencies
between organizations vary
with the importance of the resources for the
dependent organization and create problems
of uncertainty or unpredictability. The magnitude
of the monetary resource exchange
with the GSS in combination with the criticality
of the input to the NSOs’ survival creates
increased organizational vulnerability, especially
when resources are scarce and unpredictably
allocated. As a result, the NSOs’
management is expected to engage in activities
which ensure access to resources rather
than facilitating performance or efcient operation
in their sport.
The performance results presented in
Table 1 suggest that the majority of NSOs
demonstrate low performance in terms of
conventional outputs. Conrming this evidence,
the qualitative information indicates
that low performance is attributed to the lack
of appropriate direction in the technical
domains of NSOs’ activity. Furthermore, the
absence of any performance incentives or
normative expectation for effectiveness in
operation results from the role of the funding
agency. Consequently, NSOs have been slow
to adopt rational managerial practices (e.g.
goal clarity, planning, sufcient decisionmaking
structures, reliance on professional
advice, etc.) which would facilitate better
performance.
The qualitative information indicates that
the performance of NSOs is currently caught
between two conicting environments,
which Scott and Meyer (1991) dene as the
technical and institutional environments. On
the one hand, the nature of the services
provided by the NSOs and the sport environment
(in both the excellence and the development
sector) call for professional
arrangements and courses of action which
would facilitate tangible outcomes such as
medals, records and gures indicating sport
participation growth. On the other hand, the
institutional environment promotes adherence
to work forms, norms and values on the
part of the NSOs which undermine these
technical requirements and sacrice performance
in order to ensure formal accountability
and political intentions. The
domination of the institutional processes
over the technical developments, which is
clearly manifested in many aspects of the
NSOs’ operation, inuences their ability to
grow and prosper.
The use of societal resources makes the
survival and performance of the NSOs externally
accountable for their outputs and
activities. However, Daft (1983) states that
organizations operating in institutional environments
are judged in terms of their
performance by social criteria such as the
satisfaction and approval of external constituencies.
Similarly, Powell (1991) points
out the appropriateness of internal procedures
as a priority, rather than output criteria,
in such circumstances. The quantitative findings
of this study do not report any signi
cant relationship between budget
changes and high performance results or
between funding rates and sport development
values. Furthermore, the qualitative
perceptions of the GSS respondents reveal
that satisfying the demands of those in the
NSOs’ environment does not necessarily involve
effective functioning and production of
outputs.
The ambiguity deeply embedded in current
institutional rules produces and sustains
the very centralized voluntary governance of
the NSOs. According to Pfeffer and Salancik
(1978), the organizational structure represents
an example of behavioural interdependence.
This means that the internal
organizational activities and structuring of
the NSOs depend on the actions of another
social actor. In this case, the GSS determines
The data gathered show clearly a high
resource dependence by the NSOs on the
state. This demonstrates that they are not
self-contained and are required to interact
with external elements in order to obtain the
necessary resources for survival.
Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) state that interdependencies
between organizations vary
with the importance of the resources for the
dependent organization and create problems
of uncertainty or unpredictability. The magnitude
of the monetary resource exchange
with the GSS in combination with the criticality
of the input to the NSOs’ survival creates
increased organizational vulnerability, especially
when resources are scarce and unpredictably
allocated. As a result, the NSOs’
management is expected to engage in activities
which ensure access to resources rather
than facilitating performance or efcient operation
in their sport.
The performance results presented in
Table 1 suggest that the majority of NSOs
demonstrate low performance in terms of
conventional outputs. Conrming this evidence,
the qualitative information indicates
that low performance is attributed to the lack
of appropriate direction in the technical
domains of NSOs’ activity. Furthermore, the
absence of any performance incentives or
normative expectation for effectiveness in
operation results from the role of the funding
agency. Consequently, NSOs have been slow
to adopt rational managerial practices (e.g.
goal clarity, planning, sufcient decisionmaking
structures, reliance on professional
advice, etc.) which would facilitate better
performance.
The qualitative information indicates that
the performance of NSOs is currently caught
between two conicting environments,
which Scott and Meyer (1991) dene as the
technical and institutional environments. On
the one hand, the nature of the services
provided by the NSOs and the sport environment
(in both the excellence and the development
sector) call for professional
arrangements and courses of action which
would facilitate tangible outcomes such as
medals, records and gures indicating sport
participation growth. On the other hand, the
institutional environment promotes adherence
to work forms, norms and values on the
part of the NSOs which undermine these
technical requirements and sacrice performance
in order to ensure formal accountability
and political intentions. The
domination of the institutional processes
over the technical developments, which is
clearly manifested in many aspects of the
NSOs’ operation, inuences their ability to
grow and prosper.
The use of societal resources makes the
survival and performance of the NSOs externally
accountable for their outputs and
activities. However, Daft (1983) states that
organizations operating in institutional environments
are judged in terms of their
performance by social criteria such as the
satisfaction and approval of external constituencies.
Similarly, Powell (1991) points
out the appropriateness of internal procedures
as a priority, rather than output criteria,
in such circumstances. The quantitative findings
of this study do not report any signi
cant relationship between budget
changes and high performance results or
between funding rates and sport development
values. Furthermore, the qualitative
perceptions of the GSS respondents reveal
that satisfying the demands of those in the
NSOs’ environment does not necessarily involve
effective functioning and production of
outputs.
The ambiguity deeply embedded in current
institutional rules produces and sustains
the very centralized voluntary governance of
the NSOs. According to Pfeffer and Salancik
(1978), the organizational structure represents
an example of behavioural interdependence.
This means that the internal
organizational activities and structuring of
the NSOs depend on the actions of another
social actor. In this case, the GSS determines
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