2. Materials and methods
2.1. Preparation of raw bone particles
Waste bones were collected from local slaughter houses, butchers, and restaurants. The bones were manually cleaned from meat pieces, repeatedly washed, and subsequently boiled in distilled water for 4 h in order to remove fats. The cleaning process was repeated 4 times. Thereafter, the clean bones were dried at 100 C for 8 h. The dried bones were crushed, milled, and sieved into 4 different particle size ranges which were (>0.075), (0.075– 0.30), (0.3–1.18) and (1.18–2.34) mm for the powder, small, medium, and large size-particles, respectively.
2.2. Characterization of bone material
Samples of raw bone waste materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), using X-ray Diffractometer with rotation speed of (1000/min). The changes in the diffracted X-ray intensities are plotted against the rotation angles of the sample; analysis of the peak positions enables qualitative analysis, lattice constant determination and/or stress determination of the sample. The specific surface area was determined according to the Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET) theory, using N2 as the adsorbate at 77 K (196 C). Measurements were conducted by surface analyzer type Q surf 9600. Before each run, the samples were exposed to a flow of 70% helium and 30% nitrogen for 1 h at 200 C, pore volume measured in the same apparatus using multi-point capability which allows complete analysis of sorption isotherm and total pore volume of the sample. Detection of the surface functional groups for the bone waste material before and after the uptake of fluoride was carried out using Fourier Transforms Infrared (FT-IR) technique using an EQUINOX FT-IR 55 spectrometer. The bone waste samples were grounded with 200 mg of KBr in a mortar and pressed into a 10 mm diameter disks. The scanning range was 4000–400 cm1. X-ray Fluorescence analysis was carried out to determine the mineral compositions of the raw bone samples. The system consists of lithium silicon detector; measuring samples as a compressible oven dried- bone powder weighting 2–4 g.
2.3. Analysis of fluoride concentration
Fluoride concentrations in aqueous samples were measured using combined ion selective electrode (Ion lab pH/Ion/Cond 750, WTW). Double checking of fluoride concentrations was performed using ion chromatography. Triple checking was carried out using another type of separate Ion Selective Electrode (Model Orion).
2. วัสดุและวิธีการ2.1. การจัดกระดูกดิบอนุภาคกระดูกที่เสียถูกรวบรวมจากบ้านฆ่าท้องถิ่น เนื้อ และร้านอาหาร กระดูกถูกทำความสะอาดด้วยตนเองจากชิ้นเนื้อ ล้างซ้ำ ๆ และต่อมาต้มในน้ำกลั่นสำหรับ 4 h เพื่อเอาไขมัน ทำความสะอาดซ้ำ 4 ครั้ง หลังจากนั้น กระดูกสะอาดที่แห้ง 100 c เป็นเวลา 8 ชม กระดูกแห้งบด แป้ง และแหลกลาญเป็นช่วงขนาดอนุภาคแตกต่างกัน 4 ที่ (> 0.075), (0.075-0.30), (0.3 – 1.18) (1.18 – 2.34) มม.สำหรับผง เล็ก กลาง และ อนุภาคขนาดใหญ่ ตามลำดับ2.2. จำแนกลักษณะของกระดูกSamples of raw bone waste materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), using X-ray Diffractometer with rotation speed of (1000/min). The changes in the diffracted X-ray intensities are plotted against the rotation angles of the sample; analysis of the peak positions enables qualitative analysis, lattice constant determination and/or stress determination of the sample. The specific surface area was determined according to the Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET) theory, using N2 as the adsorbate at 77 K (196 C). Measurements were conducted by surface analyzer type Q surf 9600. Before each run, the samples were exposed to a flow of 70% helium and 30% nitrogen for 1 h at 200 C, pore volume measured in the same apparatus using multi-point capability which allows complete analysis of sorption isotherm and total pore volume of the sample. Detection of the surface functional groups for the bone waste material before and after the uptake of fluoride was carried out using Fourier Transforms Infrared (FT-IR) technique using an EQUINOX FT-IR 55 spectrometer. The bone waste samples were grounded with 200 mg of KBr in a mortar and pressed into a 10 mm diameter disks. The scanning range was 4000–400 cm1. X-ray Fluorescence analysis was carried out to determine the mineral compositions of the raw bone samples. The system consists of lithium silicon detector; measuring samples as a compressible oven dried- bone powder weighting 2–4 g.2.3. Analysis of fluoride concentrationFluoride concentrations in aqueous samples were measured using combined ion selective electrode (Ion lab pH/Ion/Cond 750, WTW). Double checking of fluoride concentrations was performed using ion chromatography. Triple checking was carried out using another type of separate Ion Selective Electrode (Model Orion).
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