As was the case for antioxidant activity, after jam making by mild method total phenols were also not significantly different from the raw carrots in purple (67.6 _ 0.91 mg GA 100 g_1 fw in roots and 67.3 _ 0.95 mg GA 100 g_1 fw in jam) and yellow (16.4 _ 1.18 mg GA 100 g_1 fw in roots and 16.8 _ 0.50 mg GA 100 g_1 fw in jam) jams (Fig. 2B). They decreased by 12% and 43%,respectively, in orange and commercial jams compared to raw roots. In contrast, after making by common method, total phenols
decreased in all jams, from 46% to 56% in comparison to rawcarrots.This trend indicated that common method caused much more pronounced phenol losses compared to raw carrots than mild method. According to Gonçalves, Pinheiro, Abreu, Brandao, and Silva (2010), the higher phenol losses caused by common jam making method could be attributed to its longer cooking times.