Theoretical Framework
Relationships between line managers, HRM and HRD are arguably changing (Gibb, 2003) and becoming more fused, despite continuing debate about the focus of HRM (Budhwar, 2000) and scope of HRD (Garavan et al., 1999). Such is the challenge in defining the connections between HRM and HRD, the relationship has been dubbed ‘ambiguous and elusive’ (Mankin, 2003). Perhaps reflecting this challenge, the literature on these two